A Comparative Analysis of 18th Century French and English Chairs Essay

A Comparative Analysis of eighteenth Century French and English Chairs - Essay Example These were vigorously enlivened by the rules of lords Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI. Somewhere else in England, eighteenth century brought thriving of phenomenal scale that prompted a gigantic increment in the creation of furniture with a particular English style. These styles are the Queen Anne style, Sheraton style and Chippendale style (Harwood, May and Sherman). The French seats during this time were portrayed by various leg styles. During King Louis fourteenth rule, French bureau creator Andrã © chalets Boulle made progressive furniture that had legs which were figural, baluster and hook. Additionally, Louis fifteenth seats held a similar leg arrangement of figural, baluster and hook. Besides, the Louis fifteenth extravagant style seats had a mark ‘S’ molded cabriole leg, formed like a creatures rear legs. The seats during King Louis the sixteenth anyway had straight fluted legs (Stevens). In the interim, the essential development material that was utilized in Louis fourteenth seats during the rococo time frame was wood from chestnut, pecan or oak. These were some of the time left regular or were painted splendid hues, for example, red, green or covered silver and even plated. Furthermore, valuable woods and coal black were brought into Paris to be utilized as development materials while pear and regular woods were utilized in the regions. The completion frequently comprised of different metal and creature materials, for example, pewter and silver, alongside tortoise-shell, horn and ivory (Clauston). Louis fifteenth extravagant style seats additionally utilized a portion of the material found in Louis fourteenth seats including wood made from oak or pecan. Notwithstanding oak and pecan, cherry, debris, plum, chestnut and olive were likewise utilized. Louis sixteenth neoclassical seats utilized pecan, debris and burled. Other development materials utilized incorporate steel, copper and bronze (Clauston). The stance and type of the eighteenth century French seats was changed. During the period of Louis fourteenth, the seats had unobtrusive bends and straight lines were noticeable (Stevens).

Organizational Effectiveness

Hierarchical Effectiveness â€Å"Researchers breaking down what CEOs and chiefs do have highlighted control, development, and proficiency as the three most significant procedures directors use to evaluate and quantify how powerful they, and their associations, are at making esteem (L. Galambos, 1988)†. Control is basic over the outer and inside condition by recognizing what the interest for a business is. A device to help settle on these choices with control is to direct a pattern examination. An examination will uncover designs be it inside or outer of an organization.To distinguish current examples alongside the status of the association supervisors can decide how to rebuild the business in or to create item or administrations in the most productive manner conceivable. This may incorporate including extra abilities, advances, or current resources for the present workforce anything that will create the best yield of an association in the most proficient manner. An association must be creative while acquainting their item or administrations with the market.This may expect the executives to request radical changes to the association by improving or evolving procedures, promoting, and simply obtain the capacity to acclimate to any condition the association needs to stand up to be it inner or outer. An association doesn't have to utilize the three techniques to survey and measure associations viability it would rely upon what needs consideration, yet it is in every case useful for an association to know the strength of their association relating to the three measures. Table 1 (Jones. , 2010) L-3 correspondences. Income: Over $5 bil. Workers: Over 10,000 Fortune 1000, Fortune 500, Russell 3000 Industry: Aerospace and Defense , Consumer Electronics , Consumer Goods , Manufacturing SIC Codes: 3663 NAICS Codes: 334220 L-3 is a prime temporary worker in Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C3ISR) frameworks, airplane m odernization and support, and national security arrangements. L-3 is additionally a main supplier of an expansive scope of electronic frameworks utilized on military and business platforms.Our clients incorporate the U. S. Branch of Defense and its prime contractual workers, U. S. Government knowledge offices, the U. S. Division of Homeland Security, U. S. Division of State, U. S. Division of Justice, associated outside governments, local and remote business clients and select other U. S. bureaucratic, state and neighborhood government organizations (Company Profile, 2013)†. As of now L-3’s concern is to work in a productive way to keep up and increment their objective market.L-3’s comparative organizations are Raytheon Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Northrop Grumman Corporation, and The Boeing Company. They are monsters in their field and are organizations that are veterans to the calling. With a larger part of veteran organizations, the difficulties are comparable with L-3 the constantly evolving condition. Model: the evolving innovation, changing objective markets causes the hesitance of progress in the interior societies of these huge organizations and L-3 isn't invulnerable to this challenge.The best way to deal with use for L-3 is the measurements that would help improve hierarchical adequacy. This is the interior framework approach see [ Table 1 (Jones. , 2010) ]. This technique incorporates improving the correspondence procedure between the degrees of the board. Lift issues in an opportune way to upper administration. The interior wellbeing of the organization is gainful data ( be it negative or positive) enlivens dynamic procedure which thusly permits the association to proceed with planed processes.One of the fundamental issues to address is the workforce to move into utilizing new instruments, forms, and simply taking a gander at the associations prerequisites diversely for the association is changing, nothing is steady wi th change. This steady change without preparing causes decline in inspiration, make clashes and surely forestalls L-3’s yield to its’ showcase, and at long last a postponement in yield to the market does disturbs the outer situations. Along these lines, forms should be reexamined and restructured.Replacing the maturing instruments with current devices brings about a smooth out and mechanizes forms. â€Å"The Benefits of Process Automation: Improved Efficiency. Numerous business forms range frameworks, divisions, or even outside colleagues. Manual exertion, poor hand-offs between offices or accomplices, and the general failure to screen by and large advancement results is a critical waste for most procedures. Procedure robotization disposes of or altogether lessens these issues with a resultant decrease in labor hours, time range, and expanded throughput.Increased Productivity. Via computerizing forms that are as of now being actualized physically, people can work all the more proficiently and can take on new or extra remaining tasks at hand. Procedure mechanization permits us to meet people's high expectations of being approached to accomplish more with less. Shorter Cycle Times. Time is cash. Via computerizing forms, they are continued moving, hand-offs are encouraged, consistency is guaranteed, and process durations to finish the procedure are abbreviated. Getting the item or administration to the end client or to showcase snappier can bring about critical money related benefits.Consistent Process Implementation. Consistency originates from having a recorded procedure that is comprehended and followed inevitably. Procedure mechanization makes the procedure straightforward and implements adherence to the procedure steps. This dispenses with missed advances regularly found in manual procedures, bringing about predictable, solid estimates that help with settling on choices and actualizing process enhancements. Corporate Governance and Compliance. Procedure consistence, administrative consistence, and corporate administration are ever expanding in importance.Organizations must exhibit consistency and show that powerful controls and business screens are set up to guarantee forms are sound and will give monetary responsibility, perceivability, and lessen hazard and misrepresentation. Procedure computerization can assist your organization with consistence issues encompassing guidelines like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Combined Code for Corporate Governance, Bilanz Reform, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Rebelliousness or absence of satisfactory controls can cost your organization huge time.Process mechanization guarantees your procedures are followed as they are spread out. Capacity to Quickly Implement Change. Another advantage of robotized process is that the solid, reliable data gave can empower you to perceive the requirement for change or improvement rapidly and afterward have the option to roll out that improvement an d put it into impact in a quicker and more controlled way than you could with a manual procedure. The capacity to change rapidly gives a significant business advantage. Improved Customer Service andSatisfaction. Clients are significantly more fulfilled when they get convenient, top quality items and administrations. Procedure computerization empowers you to incorporate consistency with your items and administrations, encourage persistent improvement, and get the item or administration to your client quicker. Cheerful clients are rehash clients. Decreased Costs and Improved Profits. The entirety of the above advantages bring about direct primary concern aftereffects of decreased costs, capacity to take on more work, and improved profitability.All things any organization is looking for (A. Moudry, 2013)†. To set up authoritative adequacy, the executives L-3 needs to concentrate on organizing their workforce, inner worker the board frameworks, and the association and capacities ( counting the hierarchical culture) to the arrangement. This is an essential point to any methodology and commitment from every single included direct whether hierarchical viability, the executives is a triumph. References: A. Moudry, J. (2013, March 16). Genuine Benefits of Automated Processes.Retrieved from NEXTGENPINEW. COM: http://www. nextgenpinews. com/documents/Real%20Benefits%20of%20Automated%20Processes. pdf Company Profile. (2013, March 14). Recovered from L-3: http://www. l-3com. com/about-l-3/organization profile. html Jones. , G. R. (2010). The Organization and Its Environment. In G. R. Jones. , Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. L. Galambos. (1988). â€Å"What Have CEO’s Been Doing? †. Diary of Economic History, 18, 243â€258.

Week Five Exercise Assignment Essay Example for Free

Week Five Exercise Assignment Essay Liquidity proportions. Edison, Stagg, and Thornton have the accompanying monetary data at the end of business on July 10: Edison Stagg Thornton Money $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Momentary speculations 3,000 2,500 2,000 Records receivable 2,000 2,500 3,000 Stock 1,000 2,500 4,000 Prepaid costs 800 800 800 Records payable 200 200 200 Notes payable: present moment 3,100 3,100 3,100 Gathered payables 300 300 300 Long haul liabilities 3,800 3,800 3,800 a. Process the present and brisk proportions for every one of the three organizations. (Round estimations to two decimal spots.) Which firm is the most fluid? Why? Record Edison Stagg Thornton Money 6,000.00 5,000.00 4,000.00 Momentary ventures 3,000.00 2,500.00 2,000.00 Records receivable 2,000.00 2,500.00 3,000.00 Stock 1,000.00 2,500.00 4,000.00 Prepaid Expense 800.00 800.00 800.00 Absolute Current Assets: 12,800.00 13,300.00 13,800.00 Record Edison Stagg Thornton Records payable 200.00 200.00 200.00 Notes payable 3,100.00 3,100.00 3,100.00 Accumulated payables 300.00 300.00 300.00 All out Current Liabilities: 3,600.00 3,600.00 3,600.00 Edison: Current proportion 12,800.00/3,600.00 = 3.56 Brisk proportion (6,000 + 3,000 + 2,000) =3.06 Stagg: Current proportion 13,300.00/3,600.00 =3.69 Brisk proportion (5,000.00 + 2,500.00 + 2,500.00)/3,600.00 = 2.78 Thornton: Current proportion 13,800.00/3,600.00 = 3.83 Brisk proportion (4,000.00 + 2,000.00 + 3,000.00)/3,600 =2.5 The most fluid organization is Edison since they have the most access if vital. 2. Calculation and assessment of action proportions. The accompanying information identify with Alaska Products, Inc: 20X5 20X4 Net credit deals $832,000 $760,000 Cost of merchandise sold 530,000 400,000 Money, Dec. 31 125,000 110,000 Normal Accounts receivable 205,000 156,000 Normal Inventory 70,000 50,000 Records payable, Dec. 31 115,000 108,000 Guidelines a. Figure the records receivable and stock turnover proportions for 20X5. The Frozen North adjusts all figurings to two decimal spots. Records Receivable Ratio = Net Credit Sales/Average Accounts Receivable $832,000/205,000 = 4.10 Inventory Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales/Average Accounts Receivable $530,000/70,000 =7.60 (205,000 + 156,000)/2 = 180,500 (70,000 + 50,000)/2 =60,000 3. Gainfulness proportions, exchanging on the value. Computerized Relay has both liked and basic stock extraordinary. The comâ ­pany revealed the accompanying data for 20X7: Net deals $1,750,000 Intrigue cost 120,000 Personal assessment cost 80,000 Favored profits 25,000 Net gain 130,000 Normal resources 1,200,000 Normal regular investors value 500,000 a. Register the net revenue on deals proportion, the arrival on value and the arrival on resources, adjusting estimations to two decimal spots. b. Does the firm have positive or negative monetary influence? Quickly exâ ­plain. Net revenue = 130,000/1,7500,00 =7.43% Profit for value = 130,000/5,000=26% Profit for resources = 130,000/1,200,000=10.83% (120,000 + 80,000 + 130,000)/(80,000 + 130,000) =1.57 It has a positive money related influence of around 1.57 occasions. The net benefit proportion states Digital Relay made a 9% benefit off its deals. 4. Level investigation. Mary Lynn Corporation has been working for quite a while. Chosen information from the 20X1 and 20X2 budget reports follow. 20X2 20X1 Current Assets $86,000 $80,000 Property, Plant, and Equipment (net) 99,000 90,000 Intangibles 25,000 50,000 Current Liabilities 40,800 48,000 Long haul Liabilities 153,000 160,000 Stockholders’ Equity 16,200 12,000 Net Sales 500,000 500,000 Cost of Goods Sold 322,500 350,000 Working Expenses 93,500 85,000 a. Set up a level investigation for 20X1 and 20X2. Quickly remark on the aftereffects of your work. Level Analysis 202 201 Contrast %Change Current Assets 86,000.00 80,000.00 - 4,000.00 - 5.00% Property, Plant, and Equipment (net) 99,000.00 90,000.00 9,000.00 10.00% Intangiables 25,000.00 50,000.00 - 25,000.00 - 50.00% Complete Assets 200,000.00 220,000.00 20,000.00 - 9.09% Current Liabilities 40,800.00 48,000.00 - 7,200.00 - 15.00% Long haul Liabilities 143,000.00 160,000.00 - 17,000.00 - 10.63% All out Liabilities 183,800.00 208,000.00 - 24,200.00 - 11.63% Investors Equity 16,200.00 12,000.00 4,200.00 35.00% All out Liabilities and Stockholders Equity 200,000.00 220,000.00 - 20,000.00 - 9.09% Net Sales 500,000.00 500,000.00 0.00 0.00% Cost of Goods Sold 332,500.00 350,000.00 - 17,500.00 - 5.00% Net Profit 167,500.00 150,000.00 17,500.00 11.67% Working Expense 935,000.00 85,000.00 8,500.00 10.00% Overall gain 74,000.00 65,000.00 9,000.00 13.85% (4,000)/80,000 =-5% The organization diminished its liabilities which is acceptable yet in addition diminished its advantages and expenses of merchandise sold. The working costs expanded and kept a similar measure of net deals. Their Stockholders’ Equity expanded so they had the option to buy extra hardware, property, and plant. 5.Vertical investigation. Mary Lynn Corporation has been working for quite a long while. Chosen information from the 20X1 and 20X2 budget summaries follow. 20X2 20X1 Current Assets $86,000 $80,000 Property, Plant, and Equipment (net) 99,000 80,000 Intangibles 25,000 50,000 Current Liabilities 40,800 48,000 Long haul Liabilities 153,000 150,000 Stockholders’ Equity 16,200 12,000 Net Sales 500,000 500,000 Cost of Goods Sold 322,500 350,000 Working Expenses 93,500 85,000 a. Set up a vertical investigation for 20X1 and 20X2. Quickly remark on the consequences of your work. Current Assets 15.20% 16.00% Property, Plant, and Equipment 19.80% 18.00% Intangibles 5.00% 10.00% Current Liabilities 8.16% 9.60% Long haul Liabilities 28.60% 32.00% Investors Equity 3.24% 2.40% Net Sales 100.00% 100.00% Cost of Goods Sold 66.50% 70.00% Working Expenses 18.70% 17.00% It appears as though the discoveries were equivalent to in the level investigation. There is a distinction, which is, seeing the segments changed dependent on the past. There is a 35% expansion in the Stockholders’ Equity which is incredible for the organization. 6. Proportion calculation. The fiscal summaries of the Lone Pine Company follow. Solitary PINE COMPANY Relative Balance Sheets December 31, 20X2 and 20X1 ($000 Omitted) 20X2 20X1 Resources Current Assets Money and Short-Term Investments $400 $600 Records Receivable (net) 3,000 2,400 Inventories 3,000 2,300 Complete Current Assets $6,400 $5,300 Property, Plant, and Equipment Land $1,700 $500 Structures and Equipment (net) 1,500 1,000 Complete Property, Plant, and Equipment $3,200 $1,500 Complete Assets $9,600 $6,800 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current Liabilities Records Payable $2,800 $1,700 Notes Payable 1,100 1,900 All out Current Liabilities $3,900 $3,600 Long haul Liabilities Bonds Payable 4,100 2,100 Absolute Liabilities $8,000 $5,700 Stockholders’ Equity Regular Stock $200 $200 Held Earnings 1,400 900 All out Stockholders’ Equity $1,600 $1,100 All out Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $9,600 $6,800 Solitary PINE COMPANY Proclamation of Income and Retained Earnings For the Year Ending December 31,20X2 ($000 Omitted) Net Sales* $36,000 Less: Cost of Goods Sold $20,000 Selling Expense 6,000 Regulatory Expense 4,000 Intrigue Expense 400 Annual Tax Expense 2,000 32,400 Net gain $3,600 Held Earnings, Jan. 1 900 Consummation Retained Earnings $4,500 Money Dividends Declared and Paid 3,100 Held Earnings, Dec. 31 $1,400 *All deals are on account. Guidelines Figure the accompanying things for Lone Pine Company for 20X2, adjusting all calcuâ ­lations to two decimal spots when important: a. Fast proportion 1.17 b. Current proportion 1.86 c. Stock turnover proportion 10 d. Records receivable-turnover proportion 13.33 e. Profit for resources proportion 0.51 f. Net-net revenue proportion 0.1 g. Profit for normal stockholders’ value 2.67 h. Obligation to-add up to resources 0.81 I. Number of times that premium is earned 15

India is the most preferential Country for Investment - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION India is today one of the most preferential country for investment in the world, whereas ranked as the third place among the world for FDI destination after China and USA. In 2003, India ranked sixth on the list. According to Goldman Sachs Global economic paper of October 2003 Dreaming with BRICS: the future predictions that over next 50 years Brazil, Russia, India and China could become a much larger force in the world economy. Now India is favoured place unlike China in the past. Initially several steps have taken to facilitate increased FDI inflows. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review has the aim to give an insight in the theoretical framework which is the basis of this research. In the first part the FDI concept will be described in general. Second part will be in detail about economic growth of India. Third part is based on FDI role in Indian economic growth. At last the discussions about Does FDI stimulating economic growth of India Foreign direct investment (FDI) is meant as investment that is made to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in a host country other than that of the investor, the investors purpose being an effective role in the organization. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments (World Bank, Global Development Finance 2002) Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident in an economy other than that of the inventor. The lasting interest impl ies the existence of long term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and significance degree of influence of the management of the enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entries and all subsequent capital transaction between them and among affiliated enterprises both incorporation. [RE: IMF balance of payment manual, 5th edition, 1993.] FDI plays an extra ordinary and growing rate in global business. It can provide a firm with new market and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing. The host country or the foreign firms which receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technology, capital, processes, product, organization technologies and management skills, and such can provide a strong impact to the economies development. FDI can be classically defined as A company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory i n another country. Direct investment is buildings machinery and equipments are in contrast with making a portfolio investment, which is considered an investment, which is considered an indirect investment. [RE: Jeffrey P. Graham and P.Barey.] In 1990s global flow of foreign direct investment increase some sevenfold sparing economist to explore FDI from a micron or trade to analyze the microeconomics of FDI. Treating, FDI as a unique form of international capital flow between two countries. By examine the determinants of the aggregate flows of FDI at the bilateral, source host country level. Drawing an a wealth of fresh data, they provide new theoretical models and empirical technique that illuminate the vital country pair characteristics that drive these flows unique, foreign direct investment examines, FDI between developed and developing countries, and are not just between developed countries. Among many others insight [RE: Foreign direct investment, Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadk a.] When I thought to identify how foreign direct investment can make a contribution to develop significantly more powerful and more varied than conventional measurements indicate. The bad news reveals that foreign direct investments can also distort host economies and polities with consequences substantially more adverse than critics and cynics have imaged. This principle controversies and debate about FDI in manufacturing and debates about FDI in manufacturing and assembly, extractive industries and infrastructure and analysis it also identifies how developing and developed countries, multilateral lending agencies and civil society can work in concert to harness foreign direct investment to promote the growth and welfare of developing countries. [RE: Theodore H. Moran, centre for global development, 2006.] FDI is a component of a countrys national financial accounts, Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment and organizatio n. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets (Mike Moffat). The International Monetary Fund(IMF) defines foreign direct investment can be defined in two ways- The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term relationship between direct investor and direct investment enterprise, The direct investment implies the acquisition of at least 10 percent of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise abroad. Foreign Direct Investor refers to an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch-operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investors or investors.(OCED,1996) There are few common misconception (IMF,2003) FDI does not necessarily imply control of the enterprise since only 10 percent ownership is required to establish a direct investment FDI involves only one investor or a related group of investors. FDI is not based on nationality or citizenship of direct investors; it is based on investors residency. Lending from unrelated parties abroad that are guaranteed by direct investors is not FDI. FDI is thought to be more useful to a country than investment in the equity of its companies because equity investment are potentially hot money which can leave at the first sign of trouble, whereas foreign direct investment is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (Direct investor) in an entity that resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise).The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. Foreign Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent capital transaction between them and among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and un incorporated (OECD Benchmark(1996). According to Borensztein al,(1998) FDI as an important part to the transfer of technological contribution to growth is higher when compare to domestic investment. Findlay(1978) postulates that FDI increase the rate of technical progress in the host country through a undesirable effects from the more advanced technology, management practices ..etc used by foreign firms Athreye and Kapur (2001) have emphasized that since the contribution of FDI to Domestic capital formation is quite small, growth-led FDI is more likely than FDI-led growth. This is so as increased economic activity expands the market size, offering greater opportunities for foreign investment to reap economics of scale in a large market economy like India. FDI is thought to bring certain benefits to national economics. Basically FDI invested in two categories: Greenfield investment to build new capacity, acquisition of assets of existing local firms commonly referred as mergers and acquisitions. This benefit more to countrys growth by in creasing productivity through new production facilities or MA should be based on assumption that the new owners and management expect to operate the company more efficiently than previous management. Country growth condition will be pointed out through investigation as a major factor in determining to what extent FDI helps productivity spillovers, not just by increasing the production of companies and the economy as a whole. This conditions should helpful to all ways which include human capital( work force well educated and trained), effective organization and positive business climate for eg: financial markets, political stability, and efficiency of government services. These things grouped under the heading of absorptive capacity vary substantially across all regions and countries. Attracting FDI is important for the any country economic growth. However its based on implicit assumption that inflows of FDI will bring certain benefits to countrys growth. They are following whi ch related to FDI success and failures, STIMULATION OF NATIONAL ECONOMY FDI is thought to bring certain benefits to national economies. It can contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (total investment in a host economy) and balance of payments. There have been empirical studies indicating a positive link between higher GDP and FDI inflows (OECD a.), however the link does not hold for all regions, e.g. over the last ten years FDI has increased in Central Europe whilst GDP has dropped. FDI can also contribute toward debt servicing repayments, stimulate export markets and produce foreign exchange revenue. Subsidiaries of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs), which bring the vast portion of FDI, are estimated to produce around a third of total global exports. However, levels of FDI do not necessarily give any indication of the domestic gain (UNCTAD 1999). Corporate strategies e.g. protective tariffs and transfer pricing can reduce the level of corporate tax received by host governments. Also, importation of intermediate good s, management fees, royalties, profit repatriation, capital flight and interest repayments on loans can limit the economic gain to host economy. Therefore the impact of FDI will largely depend on the conditions of the host economy, e.g. the level of domestic investment/savings, the mode of entry (merger acquisitions or Greenfield (new) investments) and the sector involved, as well as a countrys ability to regulate foreign investment (UNCTAD 1999). STABILITY OF FDI FDI inflows can be less affected by change in national exchange rates as compared to other private sources (portfolio investments or loans). This is partly because currency devaluation means a drop in the relative cost of production and assets (capital, goods and services) for foreign companies and thereby increases the relative attraction of a host country. FDI can stimulate product diversification through investments into new businesses, so reducing market reliance on a limited number of sectors/products (UNCTAD 1999). However, if international flows of trade and investment fall globally and for lengthy periods, then stability is less certain. New inflows of FDI are especially affected by these global trends, because it is harder for a foreign company to de-invest or reverse from foreign affiliates as compared to portfolio investment. Companies are therefore more likely to be careful to ensure they will accrue benefits before making any new investments. Examples of regional st ability are mixed, whilst FDI growth continued in some Asian countries e.g. Korea and Thailand, during the 1996/97 crisis, it fell in others e.g. Indonesia. During Latin Americas financial crisis in the 80s many Latin American countries experienced a sharp fall in FDI (UNGA 1999), suggesting that investment sensitivity varies according to a countrys particular circumstances. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FDI, where it generates and expands businesses, can help stimulate employment, raise wages and replace declining market sectors. However, the benefits may only be felt by small portion of the population, e.g. where employment and training is given to more educated, typically wealthy elites or there is an urban emphasis, wage differentials (or dual economies) between income groups will be exacerbated (OECD a). Cultural and social impacts may occur with investment directed at non-traditional goods. For example, if financial resources are diverted away from food and subsistence production towards more sophisticated products and encouraging a culture of consumerism can also have negative environmental impacts. Within local economies, small scale and rural businesses of FDI host countries there is less capacity to attract foreign investment and bank credit/loans, and as a result certain domestic businesses may either be forced out of business or to use more informal sources of finance ( ECOSOC 2000). INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Parent companies can support their foreign subsidiaries by ensuring adequate human resources and infrastructure are in place. In particular Greenfield investments into new business sectors can stimulate new infrastructure development and technologies to host economies. These developments can also result in social and environmental benefits, but only where they spill over into host communities and businesses (ECOSOC 2000). Investment in research development (RD) from parent companies can stimulate innovation in production and processing techniques in the host country. However, this assumes that in-house investment (in RD, production, management, personnel training) will result in improvements. Foreign technology/organizational techniques may actually be inappropriate to local needs, capital intensive and have a negative effect on local competitors, especially smaller business that are less able to make equivalent adoptions. Similarly external changes in suppliers, customers and other competing firms are not necessarily an improvement on the original domestic-based approaches (UNCTAD 1999). CROWDING IN OR CROWDING OUT Crowding in occurs where FDI companies can stimulate growth increase and decrease in domestic business within the economy. Whereas Crowding out is structure where parent companies dominate local markets, stifling local competition and entrepreneurship. This is reason for policy chilling or regulatory arbitrage where government regulations, such as labour and environmental standards, are kept artificially low to attract foreign investors, this is because lower standards can reduce the short term operative costs for businesses in that country. Exclusive production concessions and preferential treatment to TNCs by host governments can both restrict other foreign investors and encourage oligopolistic (quasi-monopoly) market structure (ECOSOC 2000, UNCTAD 1999). Empirical data for these scenarios is variable, but crowding out is thought to be more common in specific sectors. For example, in industries where demand or supply for a product or service is highly price elastic (market sen sitive) and capital intensive. Hence regulation brings additional costs of compliance and is therefore much more likely to influence a companys decision to invest in that country (OECD b). SCALE AND PACE OF INVESTMENT. It may be difficult for some governments, particularly low income countries, to regulate and absorb rapid and large FDI inflows, with regard to regulating the negative impacts of large-scale production growth on social and environment factors (WWF 1999). Also a high proportion of FDI inflows in developing economies are commonly aimed at primary sectors, such as petroleum, mining, agriculture, paper-production, chemicals and utilities. Primary sectors are typically capital and resource intensive, with a greater threshold in economies of scale and therefore slower to produce positive economic spill over effects (OECD a). Thus, in the short term, low income economies will have less capacity to mitigate environmental damages or take protective measures, imposing greater remediation costs in the long term, as well as potentially irreversible environmental losses (WWF 1999, OECD b). IS IT FDI SUSTAINABLE GROWTH? If FDI is to take a greater role in building developing country economies, further assessment of the factors which influence and are influenced by FDI flows is necessary. Foreign companies are thought to be attracted to recipient countries for a whole range of factors, e.g. political stability, market potential accessibility, repatriation of profits, infrastructure, and ease of currency conversion. Privatization and deregulation of markets are seen as central means to attract FDI, however this can leave the poorest or most indebted countries open to destabilizing market speculation (ECOSOC 2000). National legislation can support better investment security for local markets, fair competition and corporate responsibility through defining equitable, secure, non-discriminatory, transparent investment practices (WSSD 1995, Habitat II 1996). Whilst there is concern that increased regulation could deter new foreign investors, there is evidence, such as in Eastern Europe, that tighter reg ulation of corporate, environmental and labour standards has not affected FDI growth (ECOSOC 2000). Where low income and developing economies are successful in attracting FDI, they require considerable support to ensure that they can adapt to rapid and large inflows of FDI, and that these flows positively benefit domestic economic stability (WSSD 1995). This means developing strategies which encourage greater and longer term domestic investment and saving, as well as higher returns on investment capital. The development of an international multilateral rule-based trading and investment system has been advocated widely. However, whilst the abandoned Multilateral Agreement on Investment would have provided greater rights for companies and investors, it gave limited support for the social, economic and environmental concerns of host countries. Furthermore, regulation of investment is only as effective as a countrys ability to enforce it. The cost of implementation may be prohibitive fo r many countries, hence bilateral and multilateral support, along side multi-stakeholder participation, is vital for the formulation of such agreements (ECOSOC 2000, Habitat II 1996). SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT Ethical and socially responsible FDI can be encouraged through national, bilateral and international investment guidelines and regulation e.g. consumer rights, information provision, commercial probity, labour standards and corporate culture (UNCTAD 1999). Several institutions have developed or are currently working on responsible practice. The ILO has 180 conventions referring to social responsibility and it also has more specific Tripartite Declaration of Principles (1977), concerning TNCs and social policy2. UNCTAD has developed a Code of Restrictive Business Practices. Eradication of poverty and reduction of gender inequality, where women make up nearly 70% of the worlds poorest, should be prioritized. Whilst governments may seek FDI for labour intensive sectors, those sectors which require greater skills are likely to require investment in domestic training and education. Access to FDI for poorer communities and small to medium enterprises can be promoted by fostering credit/l oans and capacity building programs to improve their bargaining power (WCW 1995, WSSD 1995). Intellectual property right agreements between host countries and foreign investors can also be strengthened to ensure domestic technology transfer and skills development are better incorporated (UNCTAD 1999). SENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Greater efforts need to be made to assess the linkages between environmental impacts and FDI, although it may be difficult to isolate FDI impacts from other activities. Authorities and businesses can apply Environmental Management Systems (EMS) to assess the potential impacts of FDI ventures, e.g. ISO 4001 which details techniques such as Life-Cycle-Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and Environmental Audits. These all require investment in inspection, monitoring, regulation and enforcement to ensure effective implementation. The resources required to effectively adopt these approaches are often lacking in many developing countries, suggesting a vital need for targeted international assistance (UNCTAD 1999). Greater environmental commitment can also bring long term corporate gains e.g. greater efficiency and better quality of practice (OECD b). INDIAN ECONOMY IN BRIEF One of the worlds largest economies, India has made tremendous strides in its economic and social development in the past two decades and is poised to realize even faster growth in the years to come. After growing at about 3.5 percent from the 1950s to the 1970s, Indias economy expanded during the 1980s to reach an annual growth rate of about 5.5 percent at the end of the period. It increased its rate of growth to 6.7 percent between 1992à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"93 and1996à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"97, as a result of the far-reaching reforms embarked on in 1991 and opening up of the economy to more global competition. Its growth dropped to 5.5 percent from 1997à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"98 to 2001à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"02 and to 4.4 percent in 2002à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"03, due to the impact of poor rains on agricultural output. But, thanks to a lavish monsoon that led to a turnaround in the agriculture sector, Indias economy surged ahead to reach a growth rate of 8.2 percent in 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"04. This is very much in line with growth projections cited in Indias Tenth Five-Year Plan, which calls for increasing growth to an average of 8 percent between 2002à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"03 and 2006à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"07 (India, Planning Commission, 2002 a). Such sustained acceleration is needed to provide opportunities for Indias growing population and its even faster-growing workforce. Embarking on a new growth path. India has a rich choice set in determining its future growth path. Figure 1 shows what India can achieve by the year 2020, based on different assumptions about its ability to use knowledge, even without any increase in the investment rate. Here, total factor productivity (TFP) is taken to be a proxy for a nations learning capability. Projections 1, 2, 3, and 4 plot real gross domestic product (GDP) per worker (1995 U.S.dollars) for India assuming different TFP growth rates from 2002 to 2020. Projection 4 is an optimistic scenario that is based on the actual TFP growth rate in Ir eland in 1991à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2000. Ireland is an example of a country that has been using knowledge effectively to enhance its growth. All things being equal, the projected GDP per worker for India in scenario 4 in 2020is about 50 percent greater than in scenario 1. Knowledge can make a difference between poverty and wealth. Which growth path India embarks on in the future will depend on how well the government, private sector, and civil society can work together to create a common understanding of where the economy should be headed and what it needs to get there. India can no doubt reap tremendous economic gains by developing policies and strategies that focus on making more effective use of knowledge to increase the overall productivity of the economy and the welfare of its population. In so doing, India will be able to improve its international competitiveness and join the ranks of countries that are making a successful transition to the knowledge economy. India also nee ds to boost foreign direct investment (FDI), which can be a facilitator of rapid and efficient transfer and cross-border adoption of new knowledge and technology. FDI flows to India rose by 24 percent between 2002 and 2003, due to its strong growth and improved economic performance, continued liberalization, its market potential, and the growing competitiveness of Indian IT industries. Even so, in 2003, India received $4.26 billion in FDI, compared with $53.5 billion for China (Box 1)! But Indias stock is rapidly rising: theForeign Direct Investment Confidence Index by A. T. Kearney (2004) shows that China and India dominate the top two positions in the world for most positive investor outlook and likely first-time investments, and are also the most preferred offshore investment locations for business process outsourcing (BPO) functions and IT services. Successful economic development is a process of continual economic upgrading in which the business environment in a country e volves to support and encourage increasingly sophisticated ways of competing. A good investment climate provides opportunities and incentives for firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ from microenterprises to multinationalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ to invest productively, create jobs, and expand. As a result of investment climate improvements in the 1980s and 1990s, private investment as a share of GDP nearly doubled in China and India. But India needs to continue to foster a good investment climate that encourages firms to invest by removing unjustified costs, risks, and barriers to competition. One reason for Indias less competitive markets is excessive regulation of the entry and exit of firms, which face stiffer requirements for obtaining permits and take much longer to get under way than do the firms in many other country. The answer will be determined in large measure by how well both countries utilize their resources. Restrictions on the hiring and firing of workers are also a major obstacle to doi ng business in India. In addition, enforcing contracts is a major problem: for example, it takes more than a year to resolve a payment dispute. So, to strengthen its overall economic and institutional regime, India should continue to address the following related to its product and factor markets and improving its overall infrastructure: Speeding up trade reform by reducing tariff protection and phasing out tariff exemptions. This will help Indian firms gain access to imports at world prices and would also help to encourage exports further. Encouraging FDI and increasing its contribution to economic growth by phasing out remaining FDI restrictions and increasing positive linkages with the rest of the economy. Stimulating growth of manufactured and service exports. In so doing, India could drive down global costs in services, just as China drove down global costs in manufacturing. Strengthening intellectual property rights (IPRs) and their enforcement. India has passed a series of IPR laws in the past few years, and their enforcement will be key to its success in the knowledge economy. Simplifying and expediting all procedures for the entry and exit of firms, for example, through single window clearances. Reducing inefficiencies in factor markets by easing restrictions on hiring and firing of workers. Improving access to credit for small and medium enterprises. Addressing problems in the use and transfer of land and updating bankruptcy procedures. Ensuring access to reliable power at reasonable cost by rationalizing power tariffs and improving the financial and operational performance of state electricity boards. Addressing capacity and quality constraints in transport by improving public sector performance and developing speedy, reliable door-to-door transport services (roads, rail, and ports) to enhance Indias competitiveness. Improving governance and the efficiency of government, and encouraging the use of ICTs to increase governments transparency and accountability. Using ICTs for more effective delivery of social services, especially in health and education, empowering Indias citizens to contribute to and benefit from faster economic growth. PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES There exists a large theoretical and empirical literature about the impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in developing countries. In the 1960s and 1970s MNEs were often considered as responsible of persisting or even widening inequalities between industrialized and less developed countries. In recent years a much more optimistic view on the role of MNEs has prevailed. This change reflects both important economic events and theoretical developments. On the one side the debt crisis which started in 1982 left many developing countries with very limited access to foreign financial resources; this made FDI, which is essentially equity and not debt, an attracting form of foreign capital. On the other side the emergence of endogenous growth theories stressed the importance of human capital accumulation and technological externalities in the development process. In this respect MNEs, which can rely on the most advanced production and orga nization methods, are seen as a natural and powerful vehicle of technology transfer to less developed economies. While the classical paper of Findlay (1978) represents a first formal example of the potential link between foreign direct investment and technology transfer, the models of the so called new growth theory provide a very useful tool in order to analyze how the introduction of new inputs and technologies influences the production function of a given economy and how externalities affect the research efforts of economic agents and the diffusion of knowledge. Thus, not surprisingly, endogenous growth theory constitutes the predominant theoretical framework within which recent research studies the impact of FDI on growth (e.g. Borensztein et al., 1999, Martin and Ottaviano 1999, etc.). The position according to which MNEs play a positive role in the development process is shared by a large part of the academic world and basically by the most important international organizat ions. As a matter of fact, many developing countries have designed policies in order to attract foreign investment from industrialized countries. But curiously, as noted by de Mello (1997) in his survey about FDI and growth in developing countries, whether FDI can be deemed to be a catalyst for output growth, capital accumulation and technological progress is a less controversial hypothesis in theory than in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The available empirical literature on the impact of FDI on growth provides contrasting results not only about the existence of a significant link between foreign direct investment and growth rates (of the recipient economy), but also about the sign of such relationship. For ex. in Bornschier (1978) and Dutt (1997) growth rates are negatively related to foreign capital stocks but in Dutt (1996) the same relationship turns out to be positive. BlomstrÃÆ' ¶m et al. (1992) find a significant positive impact of FDI inflows on growth; in Hein (1992) no signi ficant relationship emerges; the coefficient of FDI is significantly positive or not significant in Balasubramanyam et al. (1996), while in other papers such influence is positive or negative according to the level of development of the recipient country (as in Borensztein et al., 1999, and deMello, 1999).The presence of diverging results is due to econometric issues and to sampling differences. As far as econometrics is concerned, an inadequate treatment of the endogeneity problem characterizes much of the existing empirical literature on international capital flows and growth. To the extent towhich factors like the available stock of infrastructures, the market size, the presence of skilled labor, etc. are recognized to be fundamental determinants of foreign capital inflows to developing countries, we should expect that growth itself is conducive to higher levels of inward FDI. This means that a positive correlation between FDI flows and growth says nothing about the underlying causal relationship. Even when a researcher takes care to account for the endogeneity bias, it is not easy to find suitable instrumental variables that are variables which are correlated with FDI flows but not with growth. Anyway, differences in samples are likely to play a key role in explaining why empirical analyses provide contrasting estimates of the sign of the impact of FDI on growth. As noted above, in some recent contributions the influence of foreign capital on growth is positive when the recipient has attained a given level of development (as measured by per-capita income or by the available stock of human capital). Results contained in Borensztein et al. (1999) and also in BlomstrÃÆ' ¶m et al. (1992) move in this direction. The development threshold hypothesis is clearly related to the notion of absorption capacity, which is commonly referred to in the literature on aid and growth. In other words, recipient economies can take advantage of the potential positive ex ternalities associated to the presence of foreign MNEs provided that the technological gap is not too large. Otherwise, MNEs can represent technological enclaves in the host country, characterized by significant productivity and plant size differentials, and limited productivity spillovers (de Mello,1997). There may be other factors which can discriminate between positive and negative experiences with FDI. Balasubramanyam et al. (1996) find that the influence of MNEs depends on the trade policy regime followed by host countries; the impact of FDI flows is significantly positive in economies which pursue an export promotion (EP) strategy and not significant in countries which are characterized by an import substitution (IS) policy. This is immediately understandable in a theoretical context of export-led growth. The idea that trade policy choices may determine the impact of FDI dates back to the work of Bhagwati (1973) and to the literature on immiserizing growth. Bhagwati (197 3) shows that for a small open economy importing a capital intensive good, inward tariff-induced FDI may have a negative impact on host-country welfare. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) explain that the variation in welfare deriving from tariff-induced FDI inflows may be theoretically decomposed in three parts, The loss in consumption and production deriving from tariff-created distortions (given the initial factor endowments), The loss or gain associated to the accumulation of capital and The loss determined by the repatriation of foreign profits. They show that, under certain circumstances, effects (2) and (3) alone necessarily imply a net loss,so that the theoretical hypothesis considered by Bhagwati is actually the only outcome that canresult from a tariff-induced inflow of untaxed capital from abroad (Brecher and Diaz Alejandro, 1977). Balasubramanyam et al. (1996) observe also that, when developing economies implement policies in order to protect national industries from foreign competition, a wedge between social and private returns to capital arises and the resulting international specialization of the economy does not reflect its comparative advantage. As a consequence, in a protectionist environment the spillovers associated to FDI are likely to be limited, as the allocation of capital takes place in an economy in which prices are distorted. In conclusion, both differences in the development level and in the trade policy strategy may theoretically help explain how the influence of foreign direct investment on host c ountry growth may vary over different economies.

The Apartheid Of South Africa Essay - 788 Words

South Africa, after experiencing the apartheid, is trying their best to overcome the apartheid. Now, the country even has its own leader. He is Jacob Zuma. It is already his second term as a president.( News, B. (2016, August 5)) The country went over a lot of things, and the history of democratic political system is not very long for them. English and Dutch colonized South Africa in the seventeenth century. After South Africa got its independence from England, Afrikaner National Party became a majority. This was the result of two groups trying to gain the most power, and the Afrikaner National Party won. After the independence and apartheid they experienced, there was the first non-racial elections in 1994. After that, parliamentary republic was elected after replacing constitution of Interim Constitution in 1197, February 4th. After the independence, South Africa tried its best to be non-racist and get out of the apartheid they struggled. South Africa elected its own president, and aimed to be democratic. Even though South Africa now is not fully settled democratic system, they are still struggling and trying hard to be fully democratic. (The History of Apartheid in South Africa.) South Africa once again, tried its best and still trying to be a democratic country. However, the second largest party, DA, was under the control of apartheid even though the party opposed apartheid laws. That is why DA changed its route to be more conventional liberal, which opposed ANC.(Show MoreRelatedApartheid in South Africa1118 Words   |  5 PagesApartheid In South Africa APARTHEID Apartheid is the political policy of racial segregation. In Afrikaans, it means apartness, and it was pioneered in 1948 by the South African National Party when it came to power. Not only did apartheid separate whites from non-whites, it also segregated the Blacks (Africans) from the Coloureds (Indians, Asians). All things such as jobs, schools, railway stations, beaches, park benches, public toilets and even parliament. Apartheid alsoRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1159 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the year of 1948, the lives of south Africans changed forever. The National Party, which was an all-white government, gained power and created hell for non-white citizens, their goal was to have white people continue to dominate the country and to keep each race separated from each other; even though at the time whites were only 20% of the population. The apartheid, which literally means â€Å"apartness† lasted until 1991, and during this time many acts were passed. One being that â€Å"non-white AfricansRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesNelson Mandela and protesters during South Africa s journey away from apartheid. It’s a curious ponder, in fact, that America’s and South Africa’s ascents from racial discrimination were possibly involved with each other. However, while the world may be convinced the nation is out of racist dep ths, evidence displays the rise from discrimination in South Africa is undeniably incomplete. There is a dangerous and unresolved influence of apartheid in South Africa today. After World War 2 was won byRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1333 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of South Africa all we could see is racial discrimination. Africa was all in control of Whites till 1994. South Africa got free from racial discrimination when Nelson Mandela took a step became the first black prime minister of South Africa. Contemporary South Africa is now economically strong and it is completely a racial free state. The contemporary South Africa is now in race with every state in every field. Before 1994 South Africa was completely under control of Apartheid. WHO IS APARTHEIDRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1108 Words   |  5 PagesApartheid in South Africa Every country has a story to how it made a name for itself regardless if it was good or bad. Today the beautiful South Africa is known as the rainbow nation, for it’s diversity in culture. However, that name was earned after many blood rivers and broken homes.These â€Å"blood rivers and broken homes† I speak of occurred during an era called Apartheid. The name â€Å"Apartheid† is an afrikaans name which means segregation. It took fifty years for South Africa to redeem itself fromRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1510 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1948 to 1994, South Africa encountered segregation and ill treatment of its own people deriving from its own national party also known as apartheid, an all-white government. They sought to move the South African people to make way for an all-white South Africa. 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Referred to as the living embodiment of black liberation, Mandela specifically fought against the government system of South Africa known as apartheid (Lacayo, Washington, Monroe, Simpson). Apartheid is an Afrikaan word meaning apartness and w as a system of racial segregation for the South African people from 1948 until F.W. de Klerk became president in 1991. Although Nelson Mandela was both literally and metaphorically imprisoned by South Africa’s racist ideologiesRead MoreApartheid in South Africa1154 Words   |  5 Pagesbring an end to Apartheid in South Africa because he was a believer in basic human rights, leading both peaceful and violent protests against the white South African Government. His beliefs landed him in prison for twenty-seven years, almost three decades. In doing so, he became the face of the apartheid movement both in his country and around the world. When released from prison in 1990, he continued to honor his commitment to fight for justice and equality for all people in South Africa. In 1994, NelsonRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1981 Springbok tour, and more significantly the public disturbances that arose because of it, is one of the most impactful events on New Zealand, and even South African society. The controversial idea of having sporting interactions with apartheid ruled South Africa was not new to New Zealand politics, yet with Prime Minister Robert Muldoon in charge, the situation was escalated to astonishing heights. The violence all around New Zealand, between police, protesters and anti-protestors was immense

African-American Segregation and Isolation - 2443 Words

African-American Segregation and Isolation Introduction From 1865 to the present, white Americans exploited the Black population, whom they regarded as inferior in every aspect of life in order to justify slavery and discrimination. For about a century, the Blacks have struggled hard to end segregation, discrimination, isolation to which they have been subjected in order to attain equality with the whites and enjoy civil rights. Analysis Thirteenth Amendment, Convict Leasing When Georgia ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States, African-American slaves became officially free (Flamand, 2012). During the Reconstruction period, it was not certain if slavery was permanently abolished or if some form remained or would reappear. White Southerners still wanted to keep newly-freed African Americans working for them at the lowest level. They evolved the convict leasing system during this period. It allowed private contractors to buy the services of prisoners from the state or local governments for a specific duration. The large majority of these convicts consisted of African-Americans, who were subjected to strong but selective laws and discriminatory sentencing. It was a different form of slavery, but still slavery. It forced officially free and innocent men to hard labor without compensation for white masters, through extreme and extraordinary physical means. Convict leasing drew its constitutional basis from the ThirteenthShow MoreRelatedEnd of Segregation1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe End Of Segregation Christine E. Parthree HIS 204 Prof. Joshua Ozymy February 19, 2012 African Americans have helped to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to bring forth equality and civil rights by producing strong outstanding citizens like Roas Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. While segregation and isolation have completely ended for the African American people, discrimination is still around today. Rosa Parks was an outstanding woman. She spent all day workingRead MoreThe Unequal Separation Of African Americans1453 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans as a whole agree that racial segregation has affected their chances of employment, residency, education and access to proper health facilities. Many have stories and experiences of being qualified for a job but being turned down for being African American. Several experiments have been conducted where an African American would attempt to view homes in diverse neighborhoods and be turned down and white co-workers or friends would call immediately after and be invited to come in.Read MoreHistory of Civil Rights in America Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pageswe as a nation have been openly discriminating against African-Americans for many years. For nearly as many years as Americans have been discriminating against African-Americans, people have been fighting for some form of equal rights for everyone, especially the African-America ns. History has shown that African-Americans have had some of the most valuable personal contributions that invariably led to the balancing of the tides of the American population. People are always the driving force behindRead MoreRacial Segregation Within The United States780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, â€Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?† Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in inner cities resulted fromRead MoreRacism And Ethnic Separation Of The United States1386 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States has been a noteworthy issue subsequent to the provincial period and the slave time. Legitimately or socially endorsed benefits and rights were given to White Americans that were not allowed to Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latin Americans. European Americans (especially Anglo Americans) were conceded select benefits in matters of training, migration, voting rights, citizenship, land procurement, and criminal method over timeframes reaching out from theRead MoreRace, Place, And Opportunity By John Powell845 Words   |  4 Pages After the Civil Rights Movement the issues of segregation should have slowly diminished, but still over decades after that significant event people are being placed and given discriminating opportunities throughout the country based on their race. Trying to gain perspective of the situation, blacks and minorities are given opportunities based solely on where they live. Blacks are being placed by the government in environments that are grimy and cheap to manage, while whites are geographically placedRead MorePoem Analysis : I, Too1088 Words   |  5 PagesI, Too â€Å"I, Too† a poem written by Langston Hughes, in a perspective of an African American narrator during the Harlem Renaissance Era. He shared his feelings and thoughts about how he was treated an simply how he felt towards the way black people were being treated by the white people and segregation of race during the 20th century. The poem was written in five different stanzas in a form of free verse, meaning the poem does not rhyme or have a regular meter. The sentences of the poem were shortsRead MoreAfrican-Americans Struggle for Equality2515 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Though the conclusion of the American Civil War in 1965 marked the end of slavery in the United States, African-Americans would not see anything resembling true freedom from the segregation and isolation imposed by slavery until very recently, and only after decades of difficult struggle. 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They sought after their objectives through lawful means, arrangements, petitionsRead MoreA Cycle of Struggles Endured by the African American Race1301 Words   |  5 Pages African Americans, among their families, and their communities find themselves in an unceasing battle for survival in a world that has previously, and to this day, brought many hardships and sufferings. Although Ameri ca has succeeded in abolishing slavery, there are still aspects of racism and economic segregation that occur within residential areas. This being said, many individuals of the African American race become primary targets and victims to devastating economic and social disadvantages

Discussion of Important Articles for Professional Boundaries

Question: Discuss about theDiscussion of Important Articles for Professional Boundaries. Answer: Introduction: A number of frameworks, guidelines, policies and codes guide the nursing occupation in the nation of Australia. They guide nurses in ways that make them expert in the care they provide to service users. The assignment will mainly provide brief overview of the documents and two important factors o each of the documents/ A nurses guide to professional boundaries: Researchers are of the opinion that therapeutic relationship is indeed an important aspect that every healthcare professionals need to provide significance to provide high quality care of the patients. For achieving this target, every healthcare professionals need to know the professional boundaries that are delicate limit that should be adhered to by every nurse (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2018). This would help the individuals to protect the community by helping to prevent distress, harm, confusion and abuses. One of the most important factors that the author of the document has put forward is the correct use of power. The document has clearly stated that the nursing professionals in the healthcare centers are always at a higher level of power distribution than that of the patients who are seeking service. Expert healthcare professionals would always use their power effectively in ways that help in providing best quality care for the patient without resulting in abuse and breach es in human rights (Hapel et al., 2015). The paper had correctly focused on three important domains where the middle domain shows the zone of helpfulness called the therapeutic relationship. Another important domain that lies to the right side of the domain is called the boundary violations domain or the over involvement domain where nurses get involved in sexual assaults or inappropriate relationships that are against the professional rules and expectations of the philosophies of nursing professions. Under involvement domain comprises of the nursing professionals distancing or showing disinterest, coldness and neglect by which effective care can never be given. Therefore, the nursing professionals should utilize their power in the correct manner so that they neither exploit the patients nor fail to provide the best care but maintain a power balance to engage effectively in therapeutic relationship. Another important factor that is mentioned here and that the nursing professionals s hould consider is maintenance of confidentiality. Nurses should maintain the information of the patient in way by which they are safe with the professionals and do not is leaked easily. Moreover, the professionals should develop the value of not using the information or dissolving the information that would help them in gaining profit (Wolf et al., 2015). They should maintain confidentiality and only reveal information when any aspect of therapeutic relation development needs to be achieved. Registered nurse standards for practice: Registered nurses in the nation is expected to provide a person centered care as well as evidence based interventions that would help the patient to overcome his disorders and develop high quality care. Such nurses are expected to develop a care that should incorporate preventative, curative, supportive, restorative as well as formative and palliative elements ("Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for practice", 2017). However, in order to provide this care, nurses need to follow certain guidelines so that they can provide a comprehensive care in ways by which high quality care is provided covering all the important aspects of care. Out of the seven important guidelines that are put forward by the authors to help the nursing professionals to provide quality care one of the most important factors is successful analysis and critical thinking of the nursing practice of the patients to provide the best practice. Researchers are of the opinion when health care professionals take the help of most recent evidences to develop their knowledge and skills, the interventions developed by them being the best outcomes. Such interventions are not only new but they ensure higher levels of success in providing best quality care (Zuriguel et al., 2015). When nurses think critically, they become aware of the cultural differences that are present between them and their patients and hence the care provided by them is culturally sensitive. Another important factor that would help the registered nurses to provide satisfactory services to the patients is their development of therapeutic as well as professional relationships. Effective communication is indeed one of the most important attribute of development of therapeutic relationship that helps developing bond and trust among the patients and the nurse. Patients trust the nurses and adhere with the interventions proposed by them (Wyder et al., 2015). The authors have also identified the importance of development of a culture of safety and learning where nurses engaged with other team members to participate in shared decision making, sharing knowledge and information and thereby providing person centered care by making the patient the center of the decision making procedures (Carter et al., 2016). Therefore, registered nurses should also provide equal importance in development of therapeutic and professional relationships with the patients and other team members to ensure best care. Code of conduct for nurses: Seven important domains have been discussed in details by the author of the document. Each of the domains are in turn subdivided into a number of aspect that guide nurses with the ways that would help them to learn the best care tactics. Legal compliance, person centered practice, cultural practice as well as respectful relationships, professional behaviors, teaching attributes, research in health as well as health and well-being are the main domains that are discussed in details (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2018). One of the factor that id discussed in the document is informed consent. By this term, it actually means that the nursing professionals need to take permission from the patients before initiating their treatment and while undertaking different interventions. This action can be classified under the ethical guidelines of autonomy and dignity. Maintaining autonomy and dignity of the patient is one of the ethical guidelines every nursing professional has to follow and infirm ed consent helps professionals to adhere to the mentioned ethical value. When nursing professionals ask for informed consents, service users feel respected and cared for (Kourkouta et al., 2014). They feel that their permissions are important which prevent them from feeling low on self-esteem. Moreover, patients feel helpless and powerless when they go through periods of illness and this approach makes them feel empowered for taking decisions. Moreover, it is also seen that when healthcare professionals discuss the interventions that they would be taken and the ask for informed consent, patients feel relaxed as they understand what is going to happen with them. If patients are not discussed about the intervention before taking consent, they may feel anxious and fearful about the fate of the intervention. This might have negative consequences on their health outcomes. Therefore, informed consent is considered an important code of conduct for the healthcare professionals. Another impo rtant code of conduct that nursing professionals should also practice is providing culturally competent care. Australia is a nation with beautiful amalgamation of diverse cultural entities (Beattie et al., 2018). Therefore, being a health care professional here requires individuals to provide a care that is not only culturally competent but also culturally sensitive. Therefore, it becomes important for every professional to develop their knowledge on the traditions, preferences and inhibitions of every culture of people who come for treatment. Culturally insensitive practices not only affect the dignity and autonomy of the person but also make the patient to go through different emotional and mental turmoil. This affects the health outcome of the individuals making them depressed and disrespected (Nasrabaddi et al., 2017). Therefore, it is expected of the healthcare professionals to overcome their cultural biasness through effective reflection and realization and thereby go through important resources to develop their cultural awareness and provide culturally competent care enhancing patient satisfaction. ICN Codes of ethics; International council of nurses has published this document that mainly put importance of the four important responsibilities that every nursing professionals should incorporate in their practice. These are the promotion of health, prevention of illness, restoration of health and alleviation of suffering of people (Icn.ch, 2012). This document has made four important categories that are nurses with profession, nurses with patients, nurses with practice and nurses with coworkers. One of the factors discussed here that hold importance in the healthcare services provided by the nursing professionals is continuing to develop education and knowledge on ethical considerations. Researchers have defined the word ethics as moral principles that mainly help the individual to govern his own behavior as well as conducting of an activity. Ethics or moral philosophy which can be described as the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending as well as recommending concepts regarding wring or right conduct. There are many important ethical theories that guide nurses in taking proper decisions about the care plan that they adopt or the interventions that they would take when any conflicts with patients arise. These involve autonomy, dignity, privacy, justice, beneficence and autonomy. However, in different spheres of nursing professions arise where nurses suffer from ethical dilemma and cannot understand which ethical guideline they need to follow to provide best care to patients. These are very critical situations where nurses suffer from moral dilemmas where they need to make a choice between two options neither of which helps in resolving the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion (Kangasniemi et al., 2015). Therefore, this might have a negative impact on the patient who may not only suffer from negative health outcomes but may also develop emotional and mental turmoil affecting their quality life. Therefore, these documents instruct the nurses to engage continuously in professional development by educating themselves on different ethical situation from training, evidence based practices, narration of experiences of other colleagues and many others. Management of safety in workplace is also important. This would help in maintaining safety not only for patients but also for other professionals working in the ward (Nasrabaddi et al., 2017). Social media policy: This policy usually helps the healthcare professionals by guiding them through the different legal rights that they need to be follow to provide the best care to patients. This policy mainly focuses on social media that has become the best medium for reaching out to service users and to different people in every corners of the nation this policy states the different boundaries that providers need to follow in order to maintain dignity and autonomy of the patient. One of the most important factors that is necessary to be discussed is the inappropriate use of social media in advertising different aspects of healthcare. Section 133 of the National law has imposes limits on the different ways by which health services provided by the healthcare providers can be advertised (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2012). Therefore, this document is indeed very important for the professionals so that they do not put forward any advertisement that results them in legal obligations. It has been found th at different healthcare organizations put forward advertisements that are not real or are unnecessarily exaggerated like those who use testimonials and many others. These are against laws and care should be taken so that professionals do not face any legal issues. Confidentiality is another important aspect that should be also cared by professionals (Dehghani et al. 2015). There are many professionals who are seen to provide information of patients, the cases they handle, the information shared by patients on any important issues and others on the social media. This is against the legal principles of maintaining confidentiality of patients under any circumstances (Aliyu et al., 2015). This exposes the professionals to legal obligations that may harm their behavior. Hence, this social policy is helpful for them. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it becomes quite clear, that the documents are indeed some of the best resources for healthcare professionals. 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